I'm not sure if there is an answer to common sicknesses in Oscars. When it comes to the health of your Oscars, a lot of it depends on how you look after it. Unfortunately, too many people keep Oscars in an unsuitable environment so I would probably say that hole in the head disease crops up more than any other ailment.
It really is quite simple, to do your best to keep your Oscar healthy, you need a large aquarium, in my opinion, no less than 75 gallons for one Oscar. You need extremely good filtration, preferably some kind of external canister filter. You can not only fit lots of biological media into these, they are also very efficient at removing waste which is very important. You need to feed your Oscar on healthy food and vary at if you can. And finally, you need to carry out regular tank maintenance. Some people feed vitamins to their fish, my personal opinion as this is not necessarily as all the nutrients needed can be found in live food, or frozen/freeze-dried food.
I'm sure that other people have lots more to add to this